How Do Cells In Animals (I.e., Birds, Horses, Humans, Etc.) Get Energy?
Honors Biology I
Energy for the Jail cell
All cells need energy to stay alive.
The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the lord's day.� Plants convert light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis.� Animals obtain energy by eating plants.
The merely form of free energy a jail cell tin can apply is a molecule chosen adenosine triphosphate (ATP).� Chemical free energy is stored in the bonds that hold the molecule together.
����������� Energy is stored when an ATP molecule is formed
����������� Energy is released when an ATP molecule is cleaved downward
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ADP can exist recycled into ATP when more free energy becomes available.� The energy to brand ATP comes from glucose.
Cells convert glucose to ATP in a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: � process of turning glucose into free energy In the class of ATP.
����������� -� occurs in all cells
����������� -� takes identify in the mitochondrion
- can occur both with or without oxygen
Site of electron transport chain
Before cellular respiration can begin, glucose must be refined into a form that is usable by the mitochondrion.� Each 6 carbon molecule of glucose is converted to two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid in the process of glycolysis.
����������� -� glycolysis must occur earlier cellular respiration can begin
- glycolysis tin occur either in the presence of oxygen or if oxygen is non nowadays
Following glycolysis, pyruvic acrid could enter ane of 2 metabolic pathways:
����������� 1.� anaerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acid if oxygen is non present in the mitochondrion.� Occurs when the blood is non delivering enough oxygen �������� �����to the individual cells.
����������������������� -� process is also called fermentation
-� fermentation is not an efficient way to produce ATP from glucose.
-� both animals and plants undergo fermentation, just the process is slightly different in animals than it is in plants.
-� fermentation in found cells is called alcoholic fermentation. In this��� procedure, pyruvic acid is broken down without oxygen and ethyl booze and ATP is produced.
����������������������������������������������� �
����������������������������������������������� pyruvic acid ---> ethyl alcohol + water + 4 ATP
-� this is how alcoholic beverages are produced.
-� fermentation in animal cells is called lactic acid fermentation.� In this process, pyruvic acid is broken downwards without oxygen and lactic acrid and ATP is produced. �������������������������������������� ���� ������� �
����������������������������������������������� pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + water + four ATP
-� when lactic acrid collects in you muscles, it� irritates the muscles and makes them sore.
����� 2.� aerobic respiration:� metabolism of pyruvic acid that occurs if the blood has delivered a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells. ���� ������������������� ����
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����������� vi O 2 + C 6 H 12 O six� ---> 6 CO ii + 6 H two O + 36 ATP
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����������� -� aerobic respiration occurs in two steps:
a.� Krebs cycle: conversion of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen.� In gild to begin the Krebs wheel, pyruvic must react� with a coenzyme called acetyl co-A.
-� consists of a serial of chemical reactions.� The purpose of the chemical reactions is to
ane. release hydrogen that will exist used afterwards to brand ATP in the second stage of aerobic respiration ������
2. release carbon dioxide as waste.
- produces 2 ATP molecules in the process
Krebs Bike
CO2 is released from the reactions (waste that is exhaled) H+ ions are released and collected by molecules of NAD and FAD H+ ions are carried by NAD and FAD to the side by side step (electron transport chain) to make ATP
It requires 2 turns of the Krebs bicycle to completely break downward one molecule of glucose.
b.� Electron transport concatenation:� series of redox reactions using the hydrogen released in the Krebs bike.� Produces almost of the �ATP in cellular respiration.
- produces 34 ATP molecules
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Photosynthesis
The process that plants use to convert the dominicus�s free energy into glucose molecules is called photosynthesis.
����������� Occurs in the chloroplasts
����������� Requires the greenish pigment cholorphyll
����������� The Chloroplast
Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Thylakoids: Disk shaped membranes containing photosynthetic pigments. Site of light reactions.
Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma: Fluid filled space surrounding grana. Site of nighttime reactions.
The general equation for photosynthesis is:
6 COtwo + half-dozen H2O � C6H12Ovi + 6O2
Photosynthesis occurs in ii stages:
1.� Light dependent reactions (a.k.a the low-cal reactions)
����������� - requires sunlight.
����������� - occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the grana
- light strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoids and they become�� energized
- the sun�southward energy is used to split water molecules.� Some H+ ions from h2o are collected by NADP and carried to the stroma and used to brand glucose and some is used to make ATP.� Otwo from the water molecules is released into the temper every bit waste.
2.� Light independent reactions (a.k.a. the night reactions, Calvin cycle or carbon fixation)
- does not require sunlight.� The energy for this function of photosynthesis comes from the ATP made in the light reactions
- occurs in the stroma
- COtwo from air goes through a series of chemical reaction and is converted to glucose
Source: http://mandevillehigh.stpsb.org/teachersites/laura_decker/cell_resp_and_photosynthesis_notes.htm
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